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Five Mountains and Three Lords
Author: Xu Xingwu (Nanjing Major Literature College) )
Source: Issue “Green Initiation: Re-exploring the Relationship between Nature and Humanities”, Taipei, Taiwan Center’s Major Study in the Middle School, 2012
Spension Xu Xingwu “The Completed Writing of the Chinese Language – Thoughts and Systems of Han Dynasty”, Nanjing, Phoenix Comes out of the Book Club, 2015
1. Five Mountains and Twelve Mountains
The sacrifice of mountains and rivers is the memorial of Chen Chen, and people express their understanding, waiting and commitment to nature through such rituals. The worship of mountains and rivers published in Confucian scholarship is very humanistic, and the spirit is understood to be a symbol of political authority and morality in the real social system. The tribute of memorial is also similar to the gift of worship of human beings. On the one hand, the worship of mountains and rivers establishes political authority and civilized recognition through respect for nature, and on the other hand, the worship of love for nature through the gift system, praying for the worship of people in landscape and water.
《中文·Ruyi 1》》The saint king’s sacred sacred sacred sacred sacred sacred sacred sacred sacred sacred sacred sacred sacred sacred sacred sacred sacred sacred sacred sacred sacred sacred sacred sacred sacred sacred sacred sacred sacred sacred sacred sacred sacred sacred sacred sacred sacred sacred sacred sacred sacred sacred sacred sacred sacred sacred sacred sacred sacred sacred sacred sacred sacred sacred sacred sacred sacred sacred sacred sacred sacred sacred sacred sacred sacred sacred sacred sacred sacred sacred sacred sacred sacred sacred sacred sacred sacred sacred sacred sacred sacred sacred sacred sacred sacred sacred sacred sacred sacred sacred sacred sacred sacred sacred sacred sacred sacred sacred sacred sacred sacred sacred sacred sacred sacred sacred sacred sacred sacred sacred sacred sacred sacred sacred sacred sacred sacred s It is not a clan, it is not a ritual… In addition, the gods of the country, mountains and rivers all have great achievements and are easy to approach. When it comes to those who have been philosophical and virtue, they are bright; when it comes to the three stars of heaven, they are easy to look forward to; when it comes to the five elements of earth, they are reproductive; when it comes to the famous mountains and rivers of the nine provinces, they are profitable. It is not just a sacrificial ceremony.
The “God of the Country, Mountains and Rivers” is mentioned here. Like the ancestors of the five clans in the previous period, they are all “those who have made great contributions and are approachable”. In fact, they are the ancestors of modern multi-clans. “Rule II” read the envoy of Wu Guo who asked the giant bones to Confucius [2]:
The guest clenched his bones and asked, “Why is it big to dare to ask for bones?” Zhongni said, “Qiu said, “In the past, Yu sent all the gods to the mountain of Huiji to prevent the arrival of the Feng family. Yu killed them and killed them, and his bones were built. This is big.” The guest said, “Dare you dare to ask who is the god?” Zhongni said, “The spirit of the mountains and rivers is enough to be rude.” Those who travel across the country are the gods; those who guard the country are the princes and marquis. They are all kings. “The guest said, “How to guard the guards of the Wang Mang family?” Zhongni said, “The king of the Wang Mang family, the mountain of Feng and Yu is the surname Qi. In Yu, Xia and Shang were the Wang Mang family, and in Zhou, the Changdi family, and now the big people.”
The Fang Feng family is the king of the Wang Mang family, and the divine spirit of the guards of Feng and Yu. “Pen·Daya·Songgao” says: “Songgao is the descendant of the mountain, and the ridge is overwhelming in the sky. When the mountain descends to the gods, he is born to Shen.” [3] “Zuo Ji” said in the eleventh year of Duke Xi: “Xu is the founder of the big mountain.” [4] In the 22nd year of Duke Xi, “Jiang is the descendant of the big mountain.” [5] Both were born to the big mountain. [6] Most of the ancient clans lived at the foot of mountains and hills. When they were very respectful to the big mountains, they could all verify the literature and oracle bones. The discussions of Zhang Taiyan, Chen Dengyuan, Jian Jian, Hu Houxuan, and Momo Musu.. [7] The difference between landscape and country is that landscape and landscape are more a symbol of primitive and natural atmosphere, and country is more a symbol of political and civilized power. Therefore, the former guards the ancestors of the ancient clans who lived here, and the latter guards the latter guards the marquis in real politics. Landscape and the country have become a continuous historical concept. This is a traditional tradition that the ancient Chinese sectarian clans established political worship by commemorating the history and civilization. That is, the meaning of Confucius’s saying that landscape and the country “all belong to kings” and what he said, “It is not in the sacrificial ritual.” In oracle bone inscriptions, we can see the differences between the previous kings and the previous kings in the Yin people’s view. The previous kings are more of natural gods, and the previous kings are ancestor gods. Itten Daozhi said: “These ancestors and natural gods were originally worshipped by other tribes outside the Yin clans. As Yin slowly placed these tribes under their own arrangements, Yin also worshiped their gods.” [8] “Xiaoshu” also said: “In the past, Duke Zhou worshipped Hou Ji to comply with the heavens, and worshipped King Wen to comply with God.” [9] Du Mu believed that the Zhou people later Ji was the ancestor of their clans, and they were the ancestor of the country who had given orders and had a country. The sacrifice of Hou Ji “is based on humanities and nature.” “Therefore, the focus of worshiping Houji in the suburbs is on the beginning of human origin, and the reason why people serve the way of heaven can be seen. The focus of worshiping King Wen is on the principle of the nation’s morality, and the reason why they govern people is also seen.” [10]
The political position of differences has the power of memorialization. “The Book of the Kings” says: “The emperor sacrificed the famous mountains and rivers in the country, the five mountains and the three dukes, and the four dukes. The prince sacrificed the famous mountains and rivers in the land.”[11] also said: “The famous mountains and rivers are not sealed.”[12] This system can also be verified by historical records. “The Book of Zuo Ji” was published in the sixth year of Ai Gong [13]:
King Zhao was sick. The divine said, “The river is a sinister.” The king did not sacrifice. The big man asked to worship the suburbs, and the king said, “The sacrifices were ordered by the three generations, and the sacrifices were not beyond the limit. Jiang, Han, Ju, and Zhang were the view of Chu. The blessings were not overwhelming. Although the grain was not good, the river was not guilty.” So he did not sacrifice. Therefore, the sacrifices of famous mountains and rivers are the same as those of the country, and are a symbol of political power. If the mountains and rivers are severely disaster-stricken, they should also be considered by the country. “Zhou Rong·Chun Guan·Big Si Le” says: “Any sun and moon eclipse, four towns and five mountains collapse, and the big puppets, strange disasters, and the king of Zuo Gong died, and ordered to go and celebrate.” [14] “Zuo Zhu” The fifth year of Chenggong: “The country ruled the mountains and rivers. Therefore, the mountains collapsed and the rivers were exhausted. The king did not think that it was not up to it. He overcame, rides the throne, and celebrated it. He gave it to him. He gave it to him.” [15]
The emperor paid homage to famous mountains and rivers. In ancient history, Shun was the earliest. “Shang Shun Dian” says: “16]:
The sacred place of God, sees the six sects, sees the mountains and rivers, and is everywhere in the gods. Edit Wu Rui. On the day of the month of the year, I saw the four mountains and the herds, and the clan of the group was in the back. In the middle of the year, Dong patrols, and as for Daizong, Chai. Looking at the mountains and rivers, the storm of the east and west… Pu Yue patrols south, and as for the southern mountains, it is like a sacred house. In August, I was on the west patrol, and as for the Western Mountains, it was as early as the beginning. On the first day of the 11th, the patrol was patrolled, and as for the Northern Mountains, it was like the Western Ceremony… FiveHe led a patrol and four dynasties… He started 12 states, sealed 12 mountains, and dredged rivers.
The concept of the “Four Mountains” or “Five Mountains” distributed in the four directions of Huaxia has been discussed by former scholars since the war. [17] This passage in “Shun Dian” is already a scene where the emperor of a unified country patrols and pays homage to the great mountains in various places. In “The Book of Changes”, there is a saying that “Advising the Four Mountains” [18], that is, t
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